How
does the West in general and the United States in particular see and deal with
this movement? The Muslim Brotherhood, the best known and widespread movement
in the Arab and Muslim World. Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, as they are called in
Arabic, was founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, a 22-year-old elementary school
teacher and social reformer from Egypt. Al-Banna came from a well
educated family in al-shari'a, the Muslim law. Hassan al-Banna was inspired by
and belonged to a Sufi movement. Looking at western superior economic,
technological and military power, 'Abduh was shocked by decline of a once
powerful Arab and Muslim community, al-ummah. Modern Muslims need to imitate
early "pious predecessor" or "al-salaf al-saleh," who
practiced a correct form of Islam. He mainly advocated education as the basis
to redirect Muslim and to bridge the gap between Islam with modernity. Jamal
al-Din al-Afghani shared most of 'Abdu's philosophy and teachings. Al-Afghani
was raised in Iran, but it
was in Cairo
that he began his political activism. This spiritual ideology had a mission to
combat social decadence and religious ineptness. It was due to al-Banna's
charismatic leadership that new recruits joined its ranks.
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main original purpose was to foster religious education, to improve the life of
the less fortunate through charity, and to promote the establishment of Islamic
nation. Al-Banna was able to bridge the gap between the idealism of 'Abduh and
the realism and activism of al-Afghani. The movement actively participated in
the 1948 war against Israel.
It gained popularity shortly thereafter. Al-Banna was gunned down in 1949 at
the age of 43. During the 1950s, Sayyid Qutb became its most influential
intellectual and leader of the Movement. His famous books, Ma'alem fi al-Tariq
(Milestones) and Fi Zilal al-Quran (In the Shadows of the Quran), were widely
read by the members of the Movement. He advocated concepts such as
"jihad" and "Takfeer" those who abandoned Islam and become
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